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When it comes to board games, nothing is more ancient than mancala. It also remains widely played today.

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Before the game begins, place the board between you and your opponent, long side facing you. You will see two rows of six 'holes', with a long 'mancala' on each end. The board is divided into two parts: Your side and mancala, and your opponent's side and mancala. Your side is the six holes closest to you, and your mancala is to your right.

Mancala comes in many variants with different forms of it played across Africa. It’s a two player turn-based strategy board game that uses seeds, beans, or small stones that are placed in rows of holes on a board, on the ground, or on other playing surface.

Game objective of Mancala

The idea behind the game is for the players to sow and capture seeds. The game move is inspired by the process of sowing, where seeds are dropped one by one into subsequent holes.

The goal is to capture more seeds or stones than the opponent.

This applies to most two- and three-row Mancala games.

In a game where there are four rows involved, the objective changes—to leave the opponent with no legal moves available. Another goal is to capture all holes in the front row.

Variations of capturing

The last hole sown or where the last seed is dropped, determines whether stones are captured.

In one variation, capturing requires that the last seed is dropped in a hole across a hole with a set number or specific configuration of stones.

Another is when a seed lands in an empty hole, all the seeds in the hole directly opposite are captured.

There’s also the notion of capturing holes, where all the seed in those holes will belong to the player who captured them at the end of the game.

How do you play mancala?

Because there are different variations of mancala, the rules also vary.

If you want to play the two-rank mancala or Kalah, the basic rules are as follows:

Set up the board or playing surface

Place four pieces of stones, seeds, and the like in each of the 12 holes of the board.

Each player has a Mancala or store to the right side of the board. In some cases, it is located at either end of the board.

The board should be placed between the players. One side of the board would belong to the person across it.

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48 seeds or small stones are needed to play the game.

Mancala gameplay

1. The game starts with one player choosing a specific hole and then picking up all the seeds in it. If you’re it, you need to deposit one seed in each hole, following a counterclockwise direction, until all the seeds run out.

2. There are several ways to determine who should make the first move. Via the classic rock, paper, scissors or other games.

3. Every time you run into your own Mancala, deposit one seed. If it’s the opponent’s store, skip it.

4. If the last seed is dropped in your own store, you get a free turn. You pick all the seeds in your store and run the play again.

5. If the last seed is dropped into an empty hole on your side, you get that seed and all those in the hole directly opposite.

6. All the seeds you capture must be placed in your store.

7. You lose a turn when you run out of stones in your hand.

Winning the game

When all six spaces on one side of the Mancala board are empty, the game ends. If you still have seeds on your side of the board at this point, you capture all of them.

The winner is declared based on the number of seeds. The one with the most seeds in each store wins.

The winner is basically determined after all the seeds captured are counted.

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If you want to win, there are certain strategies you can employ.

Since you get another turn if the last seed is dropped in your own mancala, you need to choose wisely which hole to start with.

If you get the first turn, choose a hole that is 5 holes away from your mancala. This way, the last stone will be dropped in your own store. This gives you another turn.

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If you used up your second turn and your opponent played the whole that is one or two holes away from their mancala, play the sixth hole from your store. This will guarantee you another free turn.

Another strategy will be to play the hole where the last seed in your hand will land in an empty store on your side. If the hole opposite it has seeds, you capture all of them.

Remember, the goal of the game is to capture more seeds than your opponent.

Ready to play mancala?

Now that you know how to set up the board and the rules of the game, you can have fun with this ancient board game. Choices game cheats without verification. Master the strategies mentioned above and find new ones to best your opponent every time.

Don’t stop at tow rows. Learn how to play four-row mancala as well.

Mancala is an ancient game, traditionally played on the ground using holes, or dimples, dug out in the sand or rock and tree seeds or pebbles. Its origins are unknown, but from its wide spread, usage, and simplicity of materials it would seems that it is at least over 2000 years old. The game’s older variants exist mostly in Africa. As the African slave trade spread the game spread as well to Asia and the Caribbean, as well as the Americas and Europe. There are over 100 Mancala variants around the world.

2×6 Mancala Board, Yoruba People, Nigeria, Early 20th Century – Penn Museum, 2015-22-108.1

There have been many claims in recent years of oldest found Mancala boards found in Israel in Gadara in Roman bathhouses and in Ethiopia at Aksum. However, a closer look at the hole patterns carved in the rocks clearly shows that these are not Mancala boards, because the number of holes is different. The Aksum board have a 3×10 grid and is obviously Senet, the Game of 30 Squares, and the boards in Gadara, Israel have a variety of patterns, most notably 5×2 which is the Greek game Pente Grammai. It does not seem to appear that the Romans, ancient Egyptians, or Axumites played Mancala. The game seemed to be more of a pass time of the African tribes and hence remained undocumented until the Europeans came to Africa.

/asphalt-8-android-game-cheats.html. 2×6 Mancala Board, Senufo, Guro, Baule People, West Africa, Early 20th Century – Penn Museum, 2015-22-85

Mancala is the Egyptian Arabic name of the game, derived from the word naql (نقل), meaning “to move”. So the name Mancala roughly means “movement”. Its earliest mention by name is in the Sunni Islamic law code, Kitab al-Umm (كـتـاب الأم) (VI, 213), written by Imam ash-Shafii (767-820 CE), where the game is called Hizzah and is described as, “a piece of wood in which there are holes for playing.” A commentary on Kitab al-Umm, called Az-Zawajir an Iqtirafal-Kabayir (II, 191), written by Ibn Hajar Al-Haytami (1503-1566 CE), confirms that Hizzah is a similar name to Mancala, by saying: “Hizzah is a piece of wood in which there are three rows of holes into which small pebbles are put for playing. It may also be called fourteen (shahardah / arbaata ashara). In Egypt, it is called manqalah. In the Taqrib of Sulaym, it is explained as a board in which there are twenty eight holes, fourteen on one side, and fourteen on the other, for playing.”

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2×6 Mancala Board, Dan People, West Africa, Mid 20th Century – Penn Museum, 2015-22-53

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The earliest detailed description of Mancala rules was described by Edward William Lane in 1833, where he saw it played in Egyptian coffee shops during his visit to Egypt in 1825-1828. The game that he saw was played on a 2×6 board with 12 dimples in total, with 72 pebbles or cowry shells, used as playing pieces. Lane describes two different sets of rules for the Egyptian Mancala. The first set is called, The Game of the Ignorant, (Leab El-Ghasheem), and the second set of rules is called The Game of the Wise, (Leab El-Akil). Since Lane’s description of the rules is the oldest available, I quote both of them here.

Lane’s Egyptian Mancala Rules – The Game of the Ignorant, (Leab El-Ghasheem):

1. Mancala is a 2 player game.
2. It consists of a 2×6 playing board, and 72 playing pieces all of the same color. Each hole is called beyt (plural: bayoot), and each pebbles is called hasweh (plural: hasa).
3. The board looks as follows:
4. Cells 1-6 belong to the first player, where as cells 7-12 belong to the second player.
5. The first player starts the game by placing all of the 72 pebbles in all 12 cells, unevenly. Meaning , that each cell can remain empty, or hold as many pebbles as the player wants. The act of distributing the hasa (pebbles) into the bayoot is called tebweez.
   1. The pebbles should not be placed evenly into all cells (meaning 6 per cell), because if that’s done then the player who goes first will for sure lose.
   2. Typically, the player should place at least 4 pebbles per cell, but they do not have to.
6. If the opposing player is not satisfied with their opponent’s distribution of the pebbles then they may turn the game around and take the opposite side of the board for themselves.
7. Once the pebbles have been distributed the other player begins moving the pieces, by picking up all of the pebbles in their most right cell (12 or 6), and placing one pebble per cell moving counterclockwise, first into their opponent’s cells and then into their own, and so on, until they run out of the pebbles in their hand.
8. If after the move, the last cell into which the moving player placed a pebble, contains only 1 pebble (i.e. the cell was empty before the move), then that player’s turn ends, and the opponent moves.
9. If after the move, the last cell and/or any of the preceding cells (in order) into which the moving player placed pebbles contain 2 or 4 pebbles, they collect the contents of that cell and also of the cell that is opposite to that cell, for themselves into a pile outside of the board, and this constitutes a score. Each pebble counts for 1 point. For example, if the player made a move from cell 10, which contained 6 pebbles, then they would place one pebble into each subsequent cell counter clockwise and their turn would stop on cell 4. Then, if cells 4 and cell 3 contain 2 or 4 pebbles in each, then the player will take the pebbles inside cells 3 and 4, and also inside cells 10 and 9, because they are opposite to those cells. However, if after the move, also cell 12 and cell 1 contained 2 or 4 pebbles, then the contents of those cells will not be removed, because they were not in sequence with the last cell (cell 4), because cell 2 broke the sequence, by not having the correct amount of pebbles in it (i.e. not 2 or 4). Once a player scores, they do not get a second turn, and the opponent moves instead.
10. If after the move, the last cell contains 3, 5 or more pebbles, then the player gets a second turn. They take the pebbles out of that last cell and go again, distributing them one per cell in a counterclockwise manner.
11. If a player has more than one pebble in any of the cells on their side, but the opponent has no pebbles at all on their side (i.e. their whole side is empty), then the player with multiple pebbles on their side must place a single pebble into the opponent’s first empty cell (cell 7 or cell 1).
12. If only one pebble remains in the game, that pebble becomes the property of the person on whose side its own, when it remains as the lone pebble, and gets added to their score.
13. Once the board has been completely cleared of pebbles, both players count how many pebbles they have in their score piles, and the person with the larger amount of pebbles wins that round, by the difference of how many pebbles they scored above the other player.
14. The players then continue to play another round and another round, until one of them reaches the final score of 60. Whoever, reaches the score of 60 first wins the game.

Lane’s Egyptian Mancala Rules – The Game of the Wise, (Leab El-Akim):

1. Mancala is a 2 player game.
2. It consists of a 2×6 playing board, and 72 playing pieces all of the same color. Each hole is called beyt (plural: bayoot), and each pebbles is called hasweh (plural: hasa).
3. The board looks as follows:
4. Cells 1-6 belong to the first player, where as cells 7-12 belong to the second player.
5. The first player starts the game by placing all of the 72 pebbles into the middle 4 cells (8-11 and 2-5) they want on their side, and in the opponent’s cells of the other side, opposite to the ones where they placed pebbles. The most extreme cells on each side (cells 7, 12 and 1,6) are left empty. For example, if the player placed pebbles in cells 8, 9, and 11, and left cell 10 empty as well, then they also must place pebbles into cells 5, 4, and 2, because they are opposite to cells 8,9, and 11.
   1. The pebbles should not be placed evenly into all cells (meaning 6 per cell), because if that’s done then the player who goes first will for sure lose.
   2. Typically, the player should place at least 4 pebbles per cell, but they do not have to.
6. If the opposing player is not satisfied with their opponent’s distribution of the pebbles then they may turn the game around and take the opposite side of the board for themselves. But if they do this, they forfeit the first turn to move, and go second.
7. Once the pebbles have been distributed the other player begins moving the pieces, by picking up all of the pebbles in any cell on their side that they chose (the one that makes most sense strategically) and placing one pebble per cell moving counterclockwise until they run out of the pebbles in their hand. The opponent may stop the moving player and request to count the number of pebbles inside a cell from which the move is being made.
8. If after the move, the last cell into which the moving player placed a pebble, contains only 1 pebble (i.e. the cell was empty before the move), then that player’s turn ends, and the opponent moves.
9. If after the move, the last cell and/or any of the preceding cells (in order) into which the moving player placed pebbles contain 2 or 4 pebbles, they collect the contents of that cell and also of the cell that is opposite to that cell, for themselves into a pile outside of the board, and this constitutes a score. Each pebble counts for 1 point. For example, if the player made a move from cell 10, which contained 6 pebbles, then they would place one pebble into each subsequent cell counter clockwise and their turn would stop on cell 4. Then, if cells 4 and cell 3 contain 2 or 4 pebbles in each, then the player will take the pebbles inside cells 3 and 4, and also inside cells 10 and 9, because they are opposite to those cells. However, if after the move, also cell 12 and cell 1 contained 2 or 4 pebbles, then the contents of those cells will not be removed, because they were not in sequence with the last cell (cell 4), because cell 2 broke the sequence, by not having the correct amount of pebbles in it (i.e. not 2 or 4). Once a player scores, they get a second turn, starting from any of the cells on their own side that they want.
10. If after the move, the last cell contains 3, 5 or more pebbles, then the player gets a second turn. They take the pebbles out of that last cell and go again, distributing them one per cell in a counterclockwise manner.
11. If a player has more than one pebble in any of the cells on their side, but the opponent has no pebbles at all on their side (i.e. their whole side is empty), then the player with multiple pebbles on their side must place a single pebble into the opponent’s first empty cell (cell 7 or cell 1).
12. If only one pebble remains in the game, that pebble becomes the property of the person on whose side its own, when it remains as the lone pebble, and gets added to their score.
13. Once the board has been completely cleared of pebbles, both players count how many pebbles they have in their score piles, and the person with the larger amount of pebbles wins that round, by the difference of how many pebbles they scored above the other player.
14. The players then continue to play another round and another round, until one of them reaches the final score of 60. Whoever, reaches the score of 60 first wins the game.

Bibliography:

1. Murray, Harold James Ruthven. A History of Board-Games Other Than Chess. Clarendon Press, 1952.